A Passage to India
Forster's complicated novel had long been targeted by filmmakers as excellent source material. In 1958, producer John Brabourne wrote E.M. Forster to inquire about securing the screen rights. Forster flatly refused, underscoring what some historians have considered to be Forster's deep dislike and distrust of the cinema. Brabourne wrote, "He had a strong suspicion that even if he found someone worthy of trust to make the adaptation, control would be wrested away from that person by others of lesser integrity." Furthermore, Forster was afraid that a film version of his story would come across as either pro-British or pro-Indian. Finally, in 1969, Forster relented, but he passed away before the deal could be signed. The executor of Forster's literary property, Donald A. Parry, the master of King's College, Cambridge, also shared an intense disregard of the movies. This intellectual thumbing of the nose deep-sixed several attempts to bring Forster's novel to the screen, including attempts by Joseph Losey, Ismail Merchant and James Ivory. But then in 1980, Professor Bernard Williams-a film buff-became provost of King's College in 1980, and channels were finally cleared for a proper cinematic adaptation. (A theatrical version of A Passage to India, written by Santha Rama Rau, was previously adapted for television by the BBC in the mid-1970s.)
Enter David Lean. The Academy Award-winning director had wanted to bring Forster's novel to the screen himself, but he too could not get the rights. Fortunately for Lean, Brabourne had the legendary director in mind when the producer secured the rights himself. Lean promptly began the task of pulling together a working shooting script. With Lean's longtime screenwriting collaborator, Robert Bolt, too ill to write, Lean took it upon himself to write the script. Santha Rama Rau, the playwright who wrote the play A Passage to India, had the backing of the Forster estate and a completed draft in hand when Lean took the job. But Rau's draft was unacceptable to Lean. It was too stagy and wordy, the work of an "amateur," Lean said. Moreover, much of Rau's draft took place indoors and Lean obviously wanted to take advantage of the sumptuous Indian landscape. So once Lean began taking liberties with Forster's novel (there are a few key scenes that Lean invented for the story, such as Adela's bicycle ride), Rau was eager to have her name removed as the screenwriter. Still, A Passage to India is credited as having been based on Forster's novel and Rau's play. Lean spent six months writing the script at the Maurya Sheraton Hotel in New Delhi, then another three months in Zurich. Lean typed out the entire screenplay himself with two fingers, using a hunt-and-peck method that he said allowed him considerable time to truly contemplate the direction of the story as he went along.
Meanwhile, producers John Brabourne and Richard Goodwin made a passage to Hollywood to raise financing for Lean's adaptation. They were met with a chorus of yawns. The bosses at the major studios were genuinely wary of handing millions of dollars to an aging director whose last film, Ryan's Daughter (1970), was an infamous financial and critical disaster. Moreover, the studio bosses were of the mindset that the big budget costume drama was no longer in vogue. As Lean recalled, "Everybody said, 'This is a good art house film,'" meaning that it had limited commercial potential. One studio executive said he'd do it if Lean put an explicit rape scene in the screenplay, an inclusion that would ruin the central mystery of the story. Another studio boss sent Lean a memo saying, "Our audiences are young people; young people are bored by old people. Cut the old dame," meaning Mrs. Moore, Peggy Ashcroft's character. Fortunately, the producers were able to find funding for $17.5 million by three principal investors. Columbia Pictures bought the American distribution rights, with Columbia's new partner Home Box Office (HBO) ponying up the cash for the television rights. Thorn-EMI, an English conglomerate, bought the British distribution rights.
With the script and financing in place, Lean turned to casting. For Mrs. Moore, Lean wanted Peggy Ashcroft, a veteran actress of British cinema. E.M. Forster himself once told Ashcroft, "I hope one day you will play Mrs. Moore." But Ashcroft was not eager to spend a lengthy shoot in India. She was worn out from having just returned from India, where she had spent several months filming The Jewel in the Crown, a fifteen-hour miniseries for British television. But after Alec Guinness leaned on Ashcroft to accept, and Lean refused to take no for an answer, Ashcroft gave in. One actor who did not give in was Peter O'Toole; David Lean had him in mind for the supporting role of Richard Fielding, the headmaster of the local school. Unable to forget the grueling months he spent with Lean in the desert heat for the unforgettable Lawrence of Arabia, O'Toole took a pass at spending several months sweating during an Indian summer. Esteemed British actor James Fox was eventually cast as Fielding (a character based on E.M. Forster). Victor Banerjee, a popular fixture in Indian films like The Chess Players (1977), was cast in the pivotal role of Dr. Aziz, a local physician and surgeon who is both impressed and repulsed by British colonial rule.
Two cast members shared something in common: both were painful thorns in David Lean's side. Judy Davis, the Australian actress chosen to play Adela, clashed often with Lean while on location. Davis found the experience of taking direction from Lean deeply unsatisfactory. "He made me feel inadequate initially and, I thought, unfairly...He was very nervous about making that film; he hadn't made one for so long." Also, Davis doubted that Lean could direct women. Lean suggested that she see Celia Johnson's performance in Brief Encounter (1945) for his assured feminine hand. Davis was right on the point that Lean was a bit rusty, but he had always been tough on his actors, dating back even to The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). Just ask Alec Guinness. He and Lean had made several pictures together, and on just about every one of those productions, director and star fought bitterly. A Passage to India was no exception. Cast as the Indian mystic Professor Godbhole, Guinness complained that his Indian makeup made him look like "an old turkey for sale." Guinness also no longer had the patience to put up with Lean's typical perfectionism, and was apt to say so, which only served to irritate and undermine the director. Another bone of contention was an intricate Hindu temple dance that Guinness carefully and dutifully rehearsed and filmed. It was to be placed during the closing credits of the film, but Lean ended up putting it on the cutting room floor.
A Passage to India went on to become an enormous commercial and critical success in America and in Europe. The picture received eleven Academy Award nominations. Lean himself was nominated in three categories, Best Screenplay, Best Editing and Best Director. Other nominations were for Judy Davis (Best Actress), Ernest Day (Best Cinematography), John Box (Best Production Design), John Mitchell (Best Sound), and Judy Moorcroft (Best Costume). The film garnered two wins: for Best Supporting Actress (Peggy Ashcroft) and Best Score (Maurice Jarre). "I was terribly pleased," said Lean of the film's multiple Oscar® nominations. "It was terribly encouraging. That gave me a new lease on life." Lean began to mount a new film, based on Joseph Conrad's classic British novel Nostromo, but the director died in 1991. A Passage to India became his fitting epitaph.
Producer: John Brabourne, Richard B. Goodwin, John Heyman, Edward Sands
Director: David Lean
Screenplay: David Lean, E.M. Forster (novel), Santha Rama Rau (play)
Cinematography: Ernest Day
Film Editing: David Lean
Art Direction: Clifford Robinson
Music: John Dalby, Maurice Jarre
Cast: Judy Davis (Adela Quested), Victor Banerjee (Dr. Aziz H. Ahmed), Peggy Ashcroft (Mrs. Moore), James Fox (Richard Fielding), Alec Guinness (Professor Godbhole), Nigel Havers (Ronny).
C-163m. Letterboxed.
by Scott McGee
